Stochastic optimization for investment in facilities in emergency prevention

A coordinated approach is developed to integrate three preventive measures (i.e. building reinforcement, reinforcement of road networks, and facility location of relief supplies), with the objectives of minimizing budgets and risk-induced penalties. The Conditional Value-at-Risk is employed as a decision-making tool to evaluate diverse decisions of prevention based on the degree of risk aversion. Based on a real-world case of an earthquake, a series of scenarios were designed, and the applicability of the proposed model was studied. The coordinated approach for investing preventive measures is cost-efficient in helping reduce the impact of disaster on society.     

基于公共选择视角的“灰色收入”防控机制创新

灰色收入即为非法收入及其他来源不明的收入，具有参与范围扩大化、标的形式多样化、实地操作隐蔽化、实现标准奢侈化、实现手段智能化等趋势特点。产生原因有法律缺失、教育缺位、监管失严、权力信息不明等，对应的防控措施有严格法律界定、加强生活圈管理、加强多方监管、推进收入和财产公示等。     

Reduced tillage and nitrogen effects on soil water dynamics and maize (Zea mays L.) yield under semi-arid conditions

Soil water and nutrients are critical drivers of crop production for smallholders of southern Africa. A three-year study was conducted to assess the effect of integrating single and double ploughing, ripping and planting basins with nitrogen fertilizer (0, 10 and 20?kg?N?ha^–1) on soil water dynamics and maize (Zea mays L.) yields. The experimental design was factorial with four tillage methods and three nitrogen levels as treatment factors. The study was conducted under semi-arid conditions of Zimbabwe. Tillage methods had similar soil water patterns in the profile and no tillage?×?N interaction effects were observed on soil water dynamics. Soil water penetrated deeper into the profile under ripper and basin methods than conventionally ploughed treatments. Nitrogen increased maize yields (14–96%) and rainwater-use efficiency (20–92%) regardless of tillage methods and growing season quality. However, more studies are required to explore complementary techniques that can improve rainwater capture and prolong soil water storage, and improve soil fertility.     

石台县土壤硒资源分布特征及其利用

[目的]为实现对石台县土壤天然富硒资源的合理利用,促进石台县经济发展。[方法]文章通过实地调查与资料分析的方法,研究了石台县土壤硒资源空间分布的特点和土壤富硒资源利用途径。[结果]石台县土壤硒均值为0.5556mg/kg,达到富硒水平,石台县富硒地区占全县的28.73%,中硒地区占全县面积的67.62%,富硒地区主要分布在仙寓镇、七都镇、大演乡、丁香镇、仁里镇。石台县土壤硒含量主要与成土母岩、土壤质地、成土过程、土壤有机质和人类活动等影响因素有关。[结论]石台县土壤硒资源利用可以通过发展富硒茶、富硒米、富硒养生旅游、生态富硒高山蔬菜和瓜果、富硒中药材、富硒黑猪肉和富硒牛肉等富硒产业,富硒茶区域应设置在仙寓、七都、大演、矶滩、横渡5个乡镇,富硒米种植区域应设置在台县东部的七都镇和南部的仙寓镇,富硒养生旅游可以设置在横渡镇、仙寓镇、大演乡、丁香镇、小河镇,生态富硒蔬菜和瓜果应集中分布于石台县横渡、仁里、矶滩、七井等地,富硒养殖业可以分布在石台县西部的小河镇。     

Assessment of land use compatibility and noise pollution at Imam Khomeini International Airport

This study aimed to investigate land use planning around airports, by employing Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS), in conjunction with an optimization algorithm using an Integrated Noise Model (INM) software, to establish the potential effects of aircraft noise at Imam Khomeini International Airport (IKIA) in Tehran. We also checked for land use compatibility with the noise levels around IKIA and the residents' reaction to the noise. The research was carried out in three stages: a) the establishment of Strategic Noise Map (SNM) scenarios of the airport operation in the years 2011, 2020 and 2030 using the INM software; b) the assessment of the results with emphasis on the study area land uses and application of RS and GIS and the exposure of residents at different levels of environmental noise; and c) the assessment of the intensity of aircraft noise annoyance at various times of day and night. The results indicated that developing IKIA together with the residential development will increase airport noise. Hence proper management and control of noise at IKIA is essential.     

新疆棉农对农业面源污染防治的态度和支付意愿研究

农业面源污染问题已经成为我国面临的最严重的环境污染问题之一,农户对农业面源污染防治的态度和支付意愿研究,对于政府制定相关政策措施意义重大。分别采用李克特五点量表、条件价值评估法、多元有序Logistic模型回归等方法对(1)棉农对农业面源污染防治的态度,(2)棉农对农业面源污染防治的支付意愿(WTP),(3)影响棉农支付意愿的社会经济因素进行研究。结果表明:新疆棉农对农业面源污染防治的态度非常积极,但是当与自身利益相冲突时,则趋向于以牺牲环境为代价;新疆每户棉农对农业面源污染防治的支付意愿是113.96元/年,49.64%的被调查者选择的支付区间是[12,60)元/年,累计百分比占70.65%;农户的教育水平和是否参加过农业专业合作组织是新疆农户农业面源污染防治支付意愿的主要影响因素。基于此,得出结论并提出相应的对策建议。     

农田污染对粮食生产的影响研究——以四川为例

作为农业生产的根本,农田质量对于粮食生产而言至关重要,因此农田污染的相关防治已经成为我国农业可持续发展、农产品安全以及我国生态环境保护的重要措施。目前我国农田污染主要特征为农田污染物成分复杂,农田污染程度不断扩大。同时由于农田污染导致土壤肥力下降进而导致相关农作物的产量以及品质不断下降。文章以四川省为例,探究农田污染对粮食生产的影响,结果发现,目前四川省农田污染主要来源于农药化肥的不合理使用,水体以及土壤受工业废水污染严重,畜牧业废弃物污染等。农田污染导致可耕种土地面积不断减少,粮食生产受到严重影响。基于此,该文针对四川省农田污染现状提出农田污染综合立体防控策略,并在此基础上通过合理规划农业生产,减少农药化肥使用量,提高生物防治在病虫害防治当中的比例等措施减少农田污染对粮食生产的影响,以期为我国农田保护以及粮食生产提供一定的理论以及政策依据。     

我国软件外包承接城市效率评价与驱动因素研究

就 业问题、环境污染以及从业人员研发能力下降已经成为制约软件外包承接城市发展的瓶颈问 题。文章运用DEA方法构建考虑非期望产出和非合意变量的软件外包承接效率评价模型，重 点比较不同模型下我国软件外包承接城市效率的差异，并引入Tobit回归分析软件外包承接 城市效率的驱动因素。研究发现：我国软件外包承接城市的投入产出组合在逐步优化，且东 部沿海城市的效率值明显优于中西部城市，其中大连市的效率值始终为1，处于生产的前沿 面。另外，人才竞争力对软件外包承接城市效率有显著的正向影响，信息技术基础设施竞争力与承接效率的关系呈显著负相关。     

房建工程中屋面渗漏水防治技术

西安烟草公司办公楼屋面多处渗水,处理方案是变上人屋面为不上人屋面,在已铺地砖屋面上再做了一层4mm厚sbs防水层,才保证屋面不再渗水。为避免再出现类似问题,本文从中学习并总结了渗漏的原因分析及预防措施。     

低碳经济下畜牧业发展问题与对策研究

发展低碳经济对畜牧业健康可持续发展和促进粮食安全具有重要意义。文章利用文献分析和统计数据分析法对低碳经济发展内涵和重要性进行阐述,并分析畜牧业发展对环境和粮食安全的影响。结果显示,传统畜牧业向低碳畜牧业的转型过程中存在农村居民的环保意识薄弱、干部对环保工作重视程度不够、自主研发技术水平低、相关政策法规不健全、监管存在漏洞等瓶颈问题。并从加强政策引导,增强低碳意识;加强营养调控,改进饲料加工工艺;加大科技创新力度,增加对畜牧业资金扶持;加强畜禽污染废弃物的资源化利用;大力发展循环畜牧养殖模式等方面提出促进低碳畜牧业发展的对策建议,以期为我国畜牧业的健康可持续发展奠定理论基础。